The heavy metal’shave stable structur, their accumulation can be dangerous for human, animals and plants. The current available methods for tracing the heavy metals have many obstacles as: time and cost consuming, unavailability of easy access to the necessary equipments and the need to expensive tools and experienced experts; For these reasons, alternative approaches were employed to solve or reduce these problems. Antibodies based methods are appropriate approaches for tracing the heavy metals and have many advantages over the previous methods.
The lead was conjugated with albumin by using EDTA and DTPA, with variation in pH, time and material rates of the reactions. After optimization of the conjugation condition, the antibody production against the Pb-chelator-BSA complex was measured by ELISA test. According to the obtained results, DTPA attach Pb to each BSA molecules 2 times higher than EDTA. The optimum conditions for EDTA attachment to album are pH: 9.6 and 25 times molarity higher than Pb; these conditions for DTPA conjugation to Pb and BSA are pH 7.4-9.6 and 9.6 respectively and 4 times molarity higher than Pb. The higher anti Pb antibody were produced by immunization with a complex that has more solubility and more Pb bonded to each albumin molecules.
 

Mastitis is the main problems in dairy farms and causes serious losses in large- and small- scale farms every year. Searching for and using new methods in diagnosis and treatment can be effective in preventing the spread of the disease and reducing the economical losses due to this disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of detecting some of the main agents causing bacterial mastitis by using latex agglutination test.
The hyperimmune sera were prepared from immunized rabbits with Staphylococcus aureus, Trueperella pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli bacteria. The antibody binding to latex particles were optimized; after that the sensitivity of this test for the mentioned bacteria detection was evaluated in water and milk samples.
Table 1. The sensitivity of the latex agglutination test in Trueperella pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus agalactiae bacterial detection.
Bacteria

   Streptococcus agalactiae Escherichia coli Staphylococcus aureus Trueperella pyogenes
Normal Saline 103×1/3 107×2 104×1/54 104×5/4
Milk 106×1/28 106×3/9 105×7/5 107×4/8

According to the results (Table 1), this fast method can be used for detection of the mentioned bacteria in the bacterial cultures and diagnosis of the clinical cases of mastitis.
 

The aim of this study was to evaluate the symptoms, variation and correlation of hematological factors and some parameters of innate immune response of infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchusmykiss) fish with Lactococcus garvieae. The total of 270 Fish were allocated to three groups included Lactococcus garviaea acute infection, Lactococcus garvieae chronic infection and a control group without infection. Acute group was exposed to 3×108 CFU/ml and chronic group was exposed to 3×107 CFU/ml by intra peritoneal injection. Blood and tissue (brain, head kidney and spleen) samples were collected from each group (n=6 fish) at 0, 3, 14 and 21 days after treatment. In tissues analyzing, lethargy, exophthalmia, ascites and high mortality were seen. The activity of serum lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, classical and alternative pathways of complement activation, serum bactericidal effects and the specific antibody titer significantly (p<0.05) induced in treated groups. Results indicated that hematocrit and hemoglobin levels decreased in treatment groups (p<0.05); white blood cells clearly increased in treatment groups. The significant correlation were seen between the CRP levels and some of hematological and immunological indices as bactericidal effects, classical pathways of complement activation, activity of serum lysozyme and myeloperoxidase, white blood cells and hematocrit levels. The deviations of hematologic and immunologic factors were dependent on the disease severity and the time of evaluation. Despite the existence of a significant relationship between some of the innate immune system with reactive protein C, it has not been possible to provide a specific model for estimating these factors.

<p style="text-align: left;">Despite the many helth proplems that caused by scorpion envenomation, in recent years, much research has been focused on the use of venom in helth care. Due to absence of toxic effects in oral administration of scorpion venom to laboratory animals, the objectives of this thesis was evaluation of the absorption of oral admistration of Mesobuthus eupeus scorpion venom, development of an ELISA for detection of scorpion venom, evaluation of absorption kinetics of venom and compare these items between mice and paultry. The 30 chicken were divided in 10 groups (n=3). The groups of 1-5 received orally 0.5, 2, 5, 10 and 20 mg of M. eupeus scorpion venom respectively. The group&rsquo;s of 6-10 reseved respectively these doses subcutaneously. Also, the 30 mice were divided in 10 groups (n=3). The groups of 1-5 received 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 mg of venom by oral route and the group&rsquo;s of 6-10 reseved respectively 25, 50, 100, 150 and 180 &micro;g of venom subcutaneously. The control groups of mice and chicken recived PBS instead of venom.The clinical symptoms of all the groups were recorded until 48 hours and the blood samples were taken at various time intervals. An ELISA was developed for detection of venom in serum samples. The results showed that a mice and also chikens, the highest serum concentrations of the venom is one hour after subcutaneously treatments. Also, the venom was detectable in serum from 15 minutes to 24 hours after subcutaneous injection. The sensitivity of the developed ELISA was at least 19.5 ng. The venom was detectable in serum of orally adminstrationed animals from 30 minutes to 6 hours. The highest serum concentrations of the venom were detected 2 hours after oral administration. The last time that the venom was detectable in serum was dependent on the level of the injected venom.according to the finding The M. eupeus scorpion venom was inactivated and absorbed through digestive tract; which determination of the deactivation mechanism could facilitate the topical treatment of scorpion envenomation. Scorpion venom by oral administration can facilitate the venom application in medical treatments.</p>