Horse is a herbivore with a large intestine adapted to gain high amount of high fiber forage. However, many researches have been done about the relationship between the type of a diet and its impact on the biochemical factors of the blood and cecum of the horse, there is no accurate understanding on the bacterial variations of the cecum and its final metabolites. The factors such as the density of the volatile fatty acid and lactate by changing the diet from forage to concentrate along with the impact of the bacterial fermentation of starch and DCAD of the diet, on the bloods anionic gap need more research and investigation. In order to reach the main goals of this research, after designing the cannula using the pilot design on the donkey, 4 healthy Iranian stallions with the average age of 10 (from 7 to 13 years old) and the average weight of 290 kg (from 270 to 320) were chosen. The horses were cannulated by the standing surgery. After the two weeks of rest and healing the surgical wounds, two different treatments are performed on all four horses in the same manner in two periods; each one took two weeks. First treatment: In the first two weeks, each day, hay and water are freely used. Second treatment: This is immediately performed after the first one and lasts for two weeks. The daily ration consists of 25 percents of hay and 75 percents of barley. Water is considered freely for all four horses. The daily dry matter intake for both treatments are measured. Sampling from blood, urine, excretion and cecum is done six hours after the morning meal and days 0, 7 and 14 after the first treatment and days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 14 after the second treatment. Therefore, 9 samplings were done overally. In this time period, the vital signs and the behavior of each horse were closely analyzed. The DCAD results of ration in the second treatment were negative compared to the first one. The average value of PCO2, PO2, sodium, potassium, ionized calcium, chlorine, bicarbonate, glucose, lactate and the blood pH was significant in different times (P<0.05). The relationship between the anionic gap and the average value of chlorine, bicarbonate, PCO2 and blood pH were significant and indirect (P<0.05). The linear regression test specified the significant and positive relationship between the bloods pH, urine, the cecum content and excretion. In this regard, formulations are extracted which all were successful in prediction. The average values of lactate and volatile fatty acids of the cecum liquid at the time of the sudden changes of the ration and the adaption period of each of the treatments were different and significant (p<0.05). The relationship between the average lactate of the cecum contents in different times with the average pH of the cecum and urine were direct and significant (P<0.05). The average value of the consumption of the dry matter reaches its minimum four days after the sudden change of the ration from the forage to the concentrate. This, the significant increase of lipo-polysaccharide bacteria density of the blood, symptoms like the increase of the body temperature, heart rate and the respiratory rate happened at the same time. After the sudden change of the ration from the forage to the concentrate and at the time of the adaption to the ration contain concentrate, the abnormal nutrition behavior like the wood chewing, coprophagia and litter eating simultaneous with cecal microbial fluorine change, increase of the gram positive bacteria and the propionate increase of the cecal content were seen. According to the findings of the research, the change of the ration from the forage to the concentrate leads to the sudden effects on the adaption period of the horses. Anorexia, the significant increase of the lipo-polysaccharide bacteria density and the change of the vital signs are the results of the sudden change of the ration and the abnormal nutrition behavior is one of the results of the adaptation period with the concentrate.

In this study, in order to determine the relationship between leptospiral seroprevalence and shedding of pathogenic leptospiras in urine in goat and sheep, Blood and urine samples were taken from 210 goats and 246 sheep from 5 suburbs of ahvaz. To detect antibodies, sera samples were tested for detection antibodies against leptospira with the 8 live antigen of leptospira interrogans (hardjo, pomona, grippotyphosa, canicola, ballum, icterhemorrhagia, tarasovi and australis) by using the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). Urine samples were tested by Nested PCR targeting 16S rRNA gene for detection of pathogenic leptospira. Results of MAT test showed that The seroprevalence of leptospiral infection was 10.95% in goats and 8.53% in sheep. The highest reacting in both species was L.i. pomona with the rate of 68.18% and 56% in sheep and goats, respectively. Followed in descending order by ictrohaemorrhagiae (18.8%), canicula, hardjo and grippotyphosa (each of them 4.54%), in sheep and ictrohaemorrhagiae (28%), canicula (16%), in goats. Statistical analysis showed there was no significant difference in terms of leptospirall seroprevalence between sheep and goat. There was no significant difference among age groups in sheep and goats, but there was a tendency in adults sheep and goats (≥3years) to be more seropositive than young animals. Distribution of leptospiral infection in sheep and goats among various suburbs was also not significantly different in MAT. In PCR examination, 2(0.95%) urine samples of goat and 12(4.87%) urine samples of sheep were positive and antigen of pathogenic leptospiras were detected. None of the sheeps and goats were positive in MAT were positive in PCR. Statistical analysis showed there was no relathionship and agreement between the results of PCR with MAT in sheep (kappa= -0.07, p>0.05) and goats(kappa= -0.02, p> 0.05). It is concluded that sheep and goat of different suburbs in ahvaz infected to different serotypes of leptospira interrogance and they are capable of shedding bacteria in the urine and transmission of infection to other animals and humans. Also, due to the lack of agreement between MAT and PCR, probably DNA detected in the urine can be attributed to serotypes that antibodies against them were detected in serum and other serotypes unused in this study. As a result, probably sheeps and goats of ahvaz are maintenance host for this serotype that was inferred to above.

Corynebacterium renale group, E. coli, Proteus and Pseudomonase aeroginosa have been known as the some causes of urinary tract infection in cow. Such bacteria have been isolated not only from diseased cattle but also apparently healthy cows that this difine indicate role of coexisting predisposing factors for pathological changes because of thier effects in collaps or difficult micturiation and leading lesion. This study was done on 353 slaughtered buffaloes (143 female and 210 male) at Ahvaz abattir to determine relationship between urine bacteriological changes and histopathological conditions of kidney and urinary bladder. After slaughter, blood, urine from urinary bladder, bladder and a piece of each kidneys as sample were submitted to serology, histopathology, bacteriology and PCR survey. Based on urinr culture, 19 (5.38%) of the urine samples were positive and E.coli (21%), Staphylococcus spp. (31.6%), Streptococcus spp. (15.8%), Proteus mirabilis (15.8%), Klebsiella spp. (5.3%), Yercinia interocoliteca (5.3%) and Actinimyces viscosuse with Pasteurella aerogenese (5.3%) were isolated.
In urinary bladder histopathological examination, 50.1% of samples had pathological finding contain: Chronic cystitis (14.4%) and Lymphoproliferative cystitis (35.4%). About of kidney, histopathologically, 128 (36.3%) of the examined samples had renal lesion and interstitial nephritis (27.2%) was the most abundant observation. 5 (1.4%) buffaloes also had pyelonephritis. MAT test indicated 43.3%, at least had antibody against one of leptospira serotypes (Hardjo, Pomona, australis. Tarasovi, Grippotyphosa and Icterohemorragiae). According to results of PCR test, 12.2% of buffaloes had leptospira introgans antigens in kidney tissue (8.2%) and or urine (4.8%). However, all of the bacteria which were isolated from urine, are pathogenous agents but Statistical analysis showed there was no relationship between isolation of bacteria from urine with cystitis and pyelonephritis. Chi-square test indicated that there was no significant correlation between positive samples of MAT and interstitial nephritis, positive samples of PCR and interstitial nephritis and between positive samples of MAT with PCR.