The calf at birth has no maternal immunoglobulins and is totally dependent on colostrum immunoglobulins. One of the important methods of transmission of infectious diseases to calves is through colostrum administration. Pasteurization has been shown to be very effective at killing a variety of pathogenic bacteria including: Salmonella, E. coli, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, Mycobacterium californicum, Mycobacterium bovis, and Listeria monocytogenes. With proper pasteurization, these bacteria are reduced in both waste milk and colostrums. An important method of reducing or eliminating colostrum diseased bacteria is to use a warming method.
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of heat treatment with longer incubation and lower temperature on the concentration of immunoglobulin G and colostrum concentration. For this purpose, three thermal groups of 60, 57 and 55 degrees Celsius were used. At first, a 10-liter tank of homogeneous colostrum was prepared. Then the colostrum was placed in a half-liter container. Then each container was heated at 55 and 57 ° C for 180 minutes and 60 ° C for 90 minutes. At each heating temperature before and after heating sampling of colostrum was performed at 0.30, 60.90, 120 and 180 minute from each container.
In order to evaluate the concentration and activity of immunoglobulin G, a competitive ELISA test and refractometer Brix were used. Factors such as colostrum concentration and total colostrum protein were also evaluated using a brix device. Also, to determine the effect of heating on the survival of colostrum bacteria, the samples were cultured in 2 replicates in a nutrient agar medium. The results were analyzed by SPSS software version 16 with a significant level of 5%.The results showed that there was no significant effect on concentration and activity of colostrum immunoglobulin G in all three groups with increasing time (p> 0.05). Also, the index of brix (percentage), colostrum concentration (%) and total colostrum protein (g/dL) also did not show any significant change in time in the 3 groups (p> 0.05). The results of microbial culture showed that total colostrum bacterial count in all three thermal groups was reduced by approximately 2 log units of colostrum bacterial load at 30 minutes after heating.

With the initiation of lactation and continued milk production, tremendous adaptations occur in the dairy cow because of the increased need for nutrients to support milk synthesis. Besides the increased need for energy and amino acids for colostrum and afterward for milk synthesis, the requirement for calcium increases two- to three-fold over that required by the dairy cow before calving. Shortly before calving, a dairy cow deposits 8 to 10 g/d of calcium into her fetus, but when she calves, 20 to 30 g/d are secreted into colostrum and milk. Thus, metabolic adaptations must take place to support the increased need for calcium. If they do not take place soon enough or of sufficient magnitude, the concentration of calcium in the blood drops below a critical threshold and clinical and subclinical hypocalcemia, or milk fever, can result. Dairy cows with blood calcium concentrations at or below 8.0 mg/dl (2.0 Mmol/l) but not showing clinical signs are considered subclinically hypercalcemic. Recently, Martinez and co-workers at the University of Florida suggested that this cut-off should be raised to 8.5 mg/dl (2.1 Mmol/l) because cows below this concentration were more likely to develop metritis or metabolic disorders. Using this higher criterion, Reinhardt and co-workers’ data indicate that over 65% of mature cows and 51% of first-calf heifers were below this threshold. Since subclinical hypocalcaemia has no obvious sign, therefore, it is important to be prevented before inducing economical losses.
The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare effect of two form of calcium supplementation (Oral solution and bolus) on serum calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), and β-hydroxybutyrate acid (BHBA) concentration, reproduction factors, milk yield, and post-parturition diseases. 125 multiparous Holstein dairy cows (after 2nd to 4th calving) with subclinical hypocalcemia were randomly divided into 5 groups. All the cows were fed a negative DCAD ration (-10 to -15 meq/100g DM) before calving. Group 1. received 50g Ca as oral calcium chloride at calving. Group 2. received two doses of 50 g Ca as oral calcium chloride at calving and 12 h later. Group 3. received 40g Ca as bolus at calving. group 4. received 80g Ca as bolus at calving. 5 group received no treatment. Blood samples were obtained 3 days before calving for determination of serum calcium, immediately after calving (before treatment), at 24, 48 hours and 7 and 14 days’ post-partum. These samples were used for determination of serum calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration. Indicators of reproductive Days open, calving to first service interval and service per conception were examined. As a monthly amount of milk production was recorded and all diseases occurring in the first 3 months after calving also were recorded. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and P < 0.05 was considered significant. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to detect the main effects of treatment, time, and the interaction between treatment and time, with cow nested within treatment using Sigma state.
The results of this study showed the significant effect of treatment (p˂0/0001), time (p˂0/0001) and the interaction between treatment and time (p<0/0001) for total serum calcium concentration. There was no significant difference in serum calcium concentration at calving between groups. Cows that received calcium chloride after parturition had higher blood calcium in comparison to those cows with no treatment. Blood phosphorus increased in all groups except in group 3 after parturition. There was significant effect of treatment (p˂0/0001), time (p˂0/0001) and the interaction between treatment and time (p<0/0001) for total serum magnesium concentration. These results showed that the highest serum magnesium concentration occurred after calving and showed reduction after that with lowest value in group 2. There weren’t significant chan between all groups on the serum NEFA and BHB concentration(p>0/05). Reproduction factors such as open days and service per conception in the groups 2 and 4 were lowest than other groups (p<0/05). There was no effect of treatment on the milk yields.
The results of current study showed that use of combined anionic dietary and repeated supplementation of calcium chloride (time 2) plus adding magnesium could be a reliable strategy in prevention subclinical hypocalcemia in multiparous cows at calving.
 

In order to investigation of the Seroprevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), Bovine Herpes Virus-1(BoHV-1) and Bovine Ephemeral Fever (BEFV) infection in Camels in Khuzestan province, 150 Blood samples were taken from Camels of different parts of Khuzestan province. The Sera separated by Centrifuge at 2000Xg for 10 minutes and 3 mL of plasma was harvested and stored at - 200 C Until antibodies against BVDV, BoHV-1 and BEFV was determinated.
In the case of positive serologic testing against any of the above diseases, we will increase our awareness of prevention in cattle.
The results Showed that among 150 tested sample’s, 7 samples for BVDV, 11 samples for BoHV-1 was positive and there was no positive sample for BEFV.

 

 Inadequate serum concentration of immunoglobulins in newborn calves has been associated with increased disease susceptibility. Colostrum is the only source of immunoglobulin (Ig) for newborn calves. Traditionally, successful transfer of passive immunity has been determined by measuring the concentration of IgG in the serum of the calf at 24 to 48 hours after birth. The aim of this study was to determine absorption of IgG in newborn calves in two different management systems. This study was performed on 30 newborn calves in two industrial and traditional management systems (15 in each) in Ardebil province. Blood was collected from the calves via jugular vein at 0 (immediately after birth), 6 and 24 hours after birth. Also, 5 ml of first colostrum was sampled in every case. Both serum and colostrum were measured for IgG using ELISA kit. In this study, mean serum IgG concentrations were 18.8 and 28.8 g/L in industrial and traditional herds respectively. Also, Mean colostral IgG concentrations were 133.1 and 151.9 g/L in industrial and traditional herds respectively. The IgG levels were significantly different between industrial and traditional herds only for serum. Failure of passive transfer (FPT) was determined 13.3 percent for traditional and 6.67 percent for industrial systems.

In order to investigate the Seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminant (PPR) virus infection in camels in Khuzestan province, 150 blood samples were taken from camels from different parts of Khuzestan province. 16 blood samples were also taken from sheep vaccinated against ppr for positive controls. The serums were separated by centrifuge at 2000 ×g for 10 minutes and 3 mL of plasma was harvested and stored at _20°C until determination of antibody agaist PPR.The results showed that one of camel sample and all the sheep samples were positive for PPR antibody.

 Bovine placental structure does not allow transfer of large molecules, including immunoglobulins (Ig), between dam and fetus. Newborn calves, therefore, have almost no antibodies unless they are infected in utero when very low levels of Ig might be produced therefore, intake of colostrum by a calf soon after its birth is considered critical for its growth and survival during the preweaning period. Natural maternal colostrum is a rich source of essential nutrients and contains absorb able immunoglobulin (IgG) that provides a first line of defense against pathogens present in the calf’s environment. Reduced absorption of maternal immunoglobulins by calves is designated as failure of passive transfer (FPT). Most researcher agree that FPT occurs when serum IgG and total protein concentration in calves are less than 10 grams /liter and 5.2 gr/dl of serum respectively. Measuring the degree of transfer of passive immunity is very important to proper management of young calves. Determination of failure of passive transfer (FPT) on the farm is difficult. Measuring total protein is a reasonable alternative to other methods of measuring FPT. The aim of present study was to investigate percent of FPT and AEA in neonatal calves in 5 dairy farms around Isfahan. Most farms fed 3 L of colostrums in the first feeding and 2 to 3L in a second feeding approximately 12 hours after the first.After feeding colostrums calves were fed fresh milk.
Blood samples were taken from 51 calves immediately (time 0), 6 and 36 hours after birth. Immunoglobulin G and total protein were measured using an Elisa commercial kit for IgG and spectrophotometer for TP. The serum IgG content in calves at time 0, 6 and 36 hours averaged(13.36 ± 1.096) and ranged from 1.53 ± 1.093 – 25.6 ± 1.097, g/L. and the serum protein was 6.06 g/dl .The relationship between IgG and serum total protein showed the r2 of this regression was only 0.27, which means that more than a quarter of the variation in plasma IgG concentration can be explained by variation in total protein and conversely, about 73% of the variation in plasma IgG is due to something other than total protein. The results of this study showed that 5 of the 51calves (9.8%) had FPT (serum IgG and protein concentration < 10 g/L and 5.2 gr /dl respectively). The % of AEA in this study was 36.6%. refractometer. Conversely, about 59% of the variation in plasma IgG is due to something Other than total protein when measured by the refractometer.