Ketamine- dexmedetomidine is a relatively new compound used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia, but its effective induction dose and hemodynamic and respiratory characteristics has not determined in dogs. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the appropriate induction dose of anesthesia with minimal side effects at first and then compare the onset, duration and quality of induction and recovery, depth of anesthesia, and hemodynamic and respiratory parameters following inducion of anesthesia with Ketamine- dexmedetomidine or ketamine-Diazepam in one-hour maintenance of anesthesia with isoflurane. In the current study, in phase one, nine and in phase two, six male dogs with an average age of 1.5 to 2 years and weighing 18-25 kg were used for each phase. All the dogs received all the treatment with at least one-week interval. In the first phase, after sedation with acepromazine (0/025 mg/kg)- morphine (0/25 mg/kg), anesthesia was induced with one of the three treatments of 1 mg/kg ketamine and 2 mq/kg dexmedetomidine KDX (1/2), 2 mg/kg ketamine and 1 mq/kg Dexmedetomidine KDX(2/1), and 1 mq/kg ketamine and 1 mq/kg dexmedetomidine KDX (1/1) and the onset, duration and quality of induction and recovery, depth of anesthesia, and hemodynamic and respiratory parameters were compared. Induction time in KDX (2/1) was shorter than the other two groups while the recovery time in KDX (1/1) was significantly shorter than others. Heart rate in KDX (2/1) and KDX (1/2) showed a significant decrease compared to the base. Respiratory rate and blood pressure in KDX (2/1) were non-significantly lower than other groups. Based on the results of the first phase, ketamine- dexmedetomidine with the dose of 2 mg/kg and 1 µg/kg was selected as the optimum dose for induction of anesthesia. In the second phase, after sedation with acepromazine and morphine, induction of anesthesia with ketamine- dexmedetomidine KDX(2/1) or ketamine- diazpam (KDZ) in one-hour maintenance of anesthesia with isoflurane, in addition to the evaluated parameters of the phase one, blood gas analysis was performed in predetermined intervals. The induction time of anesthesia in group KDZ was significantly lesser than that of KDX(2/1) (p< 0.05). Heart rate was not significantly different between and within groups. Mean arterial blood pressure in both groups decreased significantly compared to the base (p< 0.05); nevertheless, the decrease was longer in KDZ. PCO2 in the KDX(2/1) and KDZ, in comparison to base, increased significantly from 15 and 10 minutes after induction (p< 0.05), respectively. pH in the KDX(2/1) and KDZ decreased significantly from 150 min and 5 min (p< 0.05), respectively, when compared with base. Based on the results of this study, induction of anesthesia with ketamine 2 mg/kg- dexmedetomidine 1 µg/kg, in dogs maintained with isoflurane, had acceptable quality and improved some Cardiorespiratory parameters compared with ketamine- diazepam.

 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories and opioids are of drugs that have been widely used to manage the pain after orthopedic surgery in human and animals. The purpose of this study was to compare the inhibitory effects of metamizol and tramadol on bone defect healing in rabbit tibia. In this study, thirty male New Zealand white rabbits were divided into two groups. A 5 mm in diameter circular defect was created on the medial surface of the tibial metaphyseal region of the right foot of each rabbit. Respectively, in metamizole and tramadol groups, metamizole, 5 mg / kg and tramadol 4 mg/ kg were subcutaneously administrated every 12 hours for 5 days and then every 24 hours for a three days. Defect healing was assessed by obtaining radiographs on 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 days after surgery. Also, histopathologic evaluation was done at 7, 21 and 45 days using Goldner’s trichrome staining. It also represents a faster start filling defect in the histopathological study, following administration of tramadol compared with metamizole. Also, at the end of the study, tramadol achived more filling defect points compared with metamizole.The results of this study showed that the beginning of the process of callus formation in metamizol was later than tramadol, so there was a significant difference between groups, in the formation of callus so that in the radiographs taken on 14, 28 and 35 days. The results of this study showed that in comparison with Tramadol, metamizol has more effects in slowing bone repair

  Cruciate ligament rupture is one of the main reasons of lameness in dogs. Standard techniques based on differences in patient selection criteria has not been determined yet and is still in question. The aim of this study is to provide a new technique that uses the strength of the fascia lata, passing it through the regular isometric knee and creating mutual stability. A total of 10 adult male dogs weighing between 14-20 kg of mixed breeds were randomly divided into two control and treatment groups. Under general anesthesia, crutiate ligament was resected in both groups. In control group, MRIT technique was used to stabilize. In treatment group, after the preparation of the roll of the thickest part of the fascia lata and two canals creation in the proximal tibia and distal femur, with cross bar of the fascia lata grafts into canals and suturing to the lateral side of the joint capsule, stabilization of the cruciate ligament tear was done. Following parameters were evaluated in 16 consecutive weeks, drawer movement, lameness, pain, range of motion (ROM), thigh circumference, joint effusion and osteoarthritis in radiographic findings. Scoring to drawer movements and lameness in treatment group was not significant compared to control group (p>0.05). In control group, ROM is closer to base line when compared to treatment group. A decreasing trend of joint effusion in both groups was observed during studied times after surgery. No signs of osteoarthritis were observed in both groups (p<0.05). This technique is a new method for permanent treatment of anterior cruciate ligament ruptures as it has many features of other restorative techniques and comparability to MRIT method. It However, to provide for clinical usage, more studies are needed.

Many surgical complications and death is during anesthesia recovery. Accelerating the recovery process leads to lower problems due to rapid return to the physiological conditions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate doxapram effects on cardiorespiratory parameters and quality of recovery from propofol or isoflurane anesthesia in dog. Six clinically healthy male mixed dogs with at least a week interval, were divided into four groups: control and treatment of propofol or isoflurane. All dogs were initially sedated by 0.2 mg/kg acepromazine. Thirty minutes later anesthesia was induced using 4 mg/kg propofol titration. In control and treatment of propofol, anesthesia maintained for 30 min using 0.2 mg/kg/min infusion of propofol, while in control and treatment of isoflurane, inhalation anesthesia was used. Immediately after propofol stoppage, 2 mg/kg, IV, doxapram was administrated in treatment groups, while, in control groups, saline was administrated as same volume as doxapram. Some physiological parameters were measured at 30 min after sedative injection, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 min after induction of anesthesia and after complete recovery. Also, several clinical evaluations were recorded. The main finding of this study was that doxapram given IV at the end of anesthesia with propofol or isoflurane, improves and hastens recovery about 30 and 15 min, respectively (p<0.05). Other parameters of quality of anesthesia with propofol or isoflurane were significantly better in both treatment groups (p<0.05). Heart rate and blood pressure were increased significantly after doxapram injection, while ETCO2 significantly decreased compared with both propofol or isoflurane control groups (p<0.05). Despite some quantities are decreased after administration of doxapram on Q-T, the electrical activity of the heart has been stable, relatively. Results of this study showed that doxapram hastened and improved recovery following propofol or isoflurane anesthesia in dog. Maybe, after further studies, doxapram can be used in the case of delayed recovery.

Nanohydroxyapatite is an osteoconductive agent which has been recently used in some research as a bone graft. It has been showed that these particles increase the rate of bone repair due to advantages such as high purity, having more connections with surrounding cells, faster absorption and greater number of molecules per unit area than conventional hydroxyapatite. On the other hand, platelet-rich plasma is used as a source of osteoinductive factors for bone repair. Thus, the present study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of nanohydroxyapatite and platelet-rich gel combination on healing bone defects. For this study, 15 male dogs were considered. Six circular defects of 5 mm in diameter was created on both sides of mandible and then each defect was filled with one of the following material: conventional hydroxyapatite, nanohydroxyapatite, platelet-rich gel, hydroxyapatite and platelet-rich gel combination, nanohydroxyapatite and platelet-rich gel combination and finally a defect was excluded as the control group. Evaluation of defect healing was performed with radiographs on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56 and with histopathological method on days 14, 28 and 56. Although there was no significant difference, the radiological results showed that nanohydroxyapatite and platelet-rich gel combination group has gotten the highest score between the several groups on the different days (0.6, 1, 1.6, 2, 2.2 and 2.2 respectively). Also histopathological evalution on the several days mentioned no significant difference between several groups on days 14, 28 and 56, but nanohydroxyapatite and platelet-rich gel combination group had the highest mean of healing percentage average in comparision to other groups (41.95%, 45.04% and 54.53% respectively). Although the results of present study did not confirm effectiveness of nanohydroxyapatite and platelet-rich gel combination on healing bone defects in dog certainly, regard to probable problems of this study process and positive results of other studies which confirm the use of hydroxyapatite and platelet-rich gel combination, so effective role of nanohydroxyapatite and platelet-rich gel combination is yet possible and further study in other animal models is necessary to prove this subject.

Advantages of using ketamine- propofol combination (Ketofol) versus separate administration of each drug, have been raised in previous studies. In this study it was tried to evaluate the usage of ketofol, with four different anesthetic regimens in dogs and the administration doses, for each regimen, was suggested. Each group of animals received one of four different regimens: Normal saline, medetomidine, acepromazine and acepromazine- morphine; as premedication. Anesthesia was induced with a mixture of 1:1 ketamine and propofol combination. Drug dosages, quality of sedation, induction and recovery quality, pain reflex, time to return swallowing reflex, head lifting, sternal recumbency and standing were recorded in the first stage. Heart and respiratory rates, rectal temperature, IBP, NIBP, ECG, ABG, SPO2 and EtCO2, were recorded during one hour isoflurane anesthesia in the second stage. Recorded doses for four different regimes were 3.15, 1.35, 1.70 and 1.3 (mg/kg) for saline, medetomidine, acepromazine and acepromazine- morphine, respectively. Induction of anesthesia using single syringe ketamine- propofol was successfully performed in all groups. Results indicate that the anesthetic regimen must be chosen by a surgeon or anesthesiologist based on patient’s condition and the surgical plan.