Midazolam (MDZ) is a short-acting sedative medication in human and some animals which is used for diagnostic purposes and chemical restraining; however, the clinical effects and its kinetic factors have not been studied in poultry yet. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and kinetic effects of midazolam through three routes of intranasal (IN), intramuscular (IM leg), and intrapectoral (IM, pec) and also the effect of flumazenil (FLU) on these items in poultry. For this purpose, we studied 24 Lohmann laying hens after injection of midazolam and flumazenil; then we evaluated the clinical effects including righting reflex, response to stimuli, sedative effects and changing in temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and finally the effect of these two drugs. Moreover, the MDZ plasma concentration was measured at various intervals up to 4 hours after administration by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the initiation of sedation in the IN and IM Pec methods was significantly faster than IM Leg and FLU worked equally in dispelling the sedative effect of midazolam in the three methods. In addition, response to stimulus factor in IN method is significantly less than the other two methods; however, righting reflex shows no significant difference in all three methods, and reached its maximum within 20 minutes. The overall scores of sedation in IN administration were significantly lower than IM Pec; heart rate in IM Leg was less than other methods and respiratory rate experienced more reduction in IN than the other two groups. Method of administration had no significant impact on the cloacal temperature. Time of maximum concentration (TMAX) of midazolam in plasma were observed 20, 30, and 45 minutes after IN, IM Leg and IM Pec administration methods respectively. Maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was also reported 25.518 ng/mL, 37.205 ng/mL, and 100.609 ng/mL for IN, IM Leg and IM Pec methods respectively. Hence, IN and IM Pec displayed faster initiation and higher absorption respectively. The lowest absorption and the smallest duration effect belong to the IN administration method, hence considering diagnostic purposes, we may use IN MDZ for restraining poultry. Also in comparison of pectoral muscle administration with leg muscle, renal portal system effects on drug absorption and distribution was not confirmed.

 Many studies have assessed the effects of either LIPUS or DBM on bone repair; however, an evaluation of the combination of these modalities (LIPUS+ DBM) has not yet been considered. This study aimed to investigate combined effects of DBM and LIPUS on fracture healing. Bilateral 5 mm tibial defects were created in male Dutch rabbits (n= 30). Animals divided into two groups of empty defect (A) and DBM group (B) that used commercial DBM putty in defects. In each animal left tibia treated with LIPUS (intensity =30 mW/cm2, 1 MHz, 20 min/day, pulsed duty 1:4) and the contralateral limb was as control. Animals after 14, 21, 28 and 60 days submitted to radiographic analysis and then were euthanized on 14, 28 and 60 days with potassium chloride. Samples were studied by both CT scan and histopathological examination (n = 6). At day 14, LIPUS had no substantial effect on bone formation. At day 28, LIPUS increased bone formation in A group but in statistical analysis wasn’t significant. In DBM–treated compared with sham LIPUS a little delay was observed in treated group.
The qualitative and quantitative histopathology analysis in group B demonstrated residual DBM parts with dominant severe inflammatory (Heterophily) reaction until day 60 around these parts. The bone formation was increased by LIPUS treatment in group A and decreased in group B at the end of expriment. Although the differences were not statistically significant. Although the results of this study failed to show a synergistic effect of LIPUS and DBM, but the lack of significant difference between the experimental and the control group, can highlight the possibility of systemic effect of LIPUS and might open new rout to surgical methods of treatment.

Fifteen healthy adult male dogs were divided into 3 groups: vitamin C (Vit C), glycerol formal (GF), and curcumin (Cur). Fifteen days after right nephrectomy, the left kidney vessels were exposed. Ten minutes before ischemia, Vit C (100mg/kg), GF and Cur (10mg/kg) were administered intravenously. After 45 minutes of ischemia clamps were removed and the animals were euthanized 48 hours thereafter. Serum creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations in addition to catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), thiol protein (thiol), NGAL and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were determined before and 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after reperfusion. The kidney was removed immediately and tissue MDA, CAT and thiol levels were determined. Histopathological examinations were also performed. Serum Cr levels elevated significantly in group II after reperfusion compared with two other groups (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed in serum levels of BUN and MDA between the groups after reperfusion (P>0.05). Serum thiol protein levels decreased significantly in GF group at 48 hours and in Vit C group at 3, 6 and 12 hours after reperfusion compared to other groups (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in serum NGAL levels compared to preoperative values. Serum TAC of group Vit C increased significantly 3 and 6 hours after reperfusion compared to other groups and decreased thereafter (P<0.05). Percentage of tubular necrosis in group Vit C, GF and Cur was 7.12±1.86, 8.35±2.26 and 4.62±2.28 respectively. There was no significant difference in tubular necrosis (P>0.05). Urinary casts in GF group was significantly more than other groups (P<0.05). Tissue CAT activity and MDA levels was significantly further in Vit C and GF group respectively (P<0.05). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in tissue Thiol levels between three groups (P>0.05). In conclusion, the administration of curcumin has limited protective effects on main renal ischemia- reperfusion injury.