The aim of this study was abnormal ultrasonographic findings of liver of some cows referred to the department of large animal internal medicine of faculty of veterinary medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. Liver was evaluated with ultrasonography in 57 matured cattles in different breeds. Referred cattles had no special clinical signs of liver diseases. Ultrasound examination of liver was performed according to the approved techniques. Twenty seven of cattle (47.4%) had abnormal ultrasonographic lesions (focal or multifocal) in liver parenchyma while 30 cattle (52.6%) showed normal ultrasonographic findings. From 27 cattle with liver lesions, calcified lesion 14 (59.9%), space occupying lesion 7 (25.9%), cyst (most likely, hydatid) 3 (11.1%), abscesses 2 (7.4%) and in one case multiple echogenic lesion (3.7%) were diagnosed. Qualitative assessment of the liver parenchymal echogenicity was done. All cattle showed normal liver echo texture so that, the parenchymal pattern of liver consists of numerous weak echoes homogenously distributed over the entire liver and several vessels were observed while the lumen of these vessels was anechoic and thus appeared black. Therefore fatty liver and hepatic cirrhosis were not diagnosed for any cattle. Liver measurement (liver- depth, liver size and the angle between diaphragmatic and visceral surface) shed no differences to normal references, thus no cattle showed hepatomegaly and microliver. Furthermore, portal and hepatic veins, caudal vena cava, gall bladder measurement and echogencity of biliary system were normal in all cattle. Except in one case, that gall bladder was graeter in size far from norm reported location, with no changes in echogenicity. In conclusion, results of this study showed that cattle liver lesion in ultrasonography are more than previous slaughterhouse reports.

The aim of this study was to compare computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography for liver measurement in healthy cat and to determine relationship between the measured indices of the liver in ultrasonography and volume and dimensions of the liver in CT. In this study, ten adult healthy domestic shorthaired cats (average weight 3.590 kg, mean age 18.3 months) were used. CT scan from each cats was performed with a two detectors device after intravenous injection of iodixanol and detected liver size and volume using CT software. Ultrasonographic measurements of the liver dimensions were performed from the right intercostal spaces (ICSs measurements) and behind of the xiphoid bone. In each cat, some parts of the body were measured using a tape meter and its association with measured indices in ultrasonography and computed tomography was evaluated. Pearson correlation test was used to find the relationship between dimensions and liver size in ultrasonography and computed tomography. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant. The findings of this study showed that CT scan using intravenous injection of contrast media can detect the volume of cat liver. There was a positive and significant correlation between some of the liver indices with animal weight and some of the body dimensions in ultrasonography and computed tomography. However, liver measurements from CT scan images were not possible from the same locations as measured in ultrasonography. Meanwhile, there was no significant correlation between measured liver indices in ultrasonography with CT scan. The findings of this study indicate that both computer tomography and ultrasonography are suitable for liver measurements, but their dimensions could not be compared.

 Liver is an important organ in the body which is affected in some diseases. Many disorders can cause hepatic changes in dog. One of the common hepatic changes is liver size alteration. The aim of this study was to estimate approximate liver size in 20 healthy cats. Ultrasonography was performed from the right intercostal spaces (ICSs) in left lateral recumbency (LLR) and liver and main portal vein depths were measured. Furthermore, ultrasonography were performed, from caudal to the sternum in LLR and in dorsal recombency (DR) and maximum size or thickness of the liver from caudal to cranial (CdCr size) in sagittal and transvers scans measured. Also in dorsal recumbency, in sagittal scans, in right and left to the mid line, CdCr size of the right and left lobes of liver and dr size of the right lobr of the liver in where that caudal vena cava (CVC) passes to the diaphragm, were measured. Ultrasound examinations were done on each cat, three times within a day during about 30 minutes intervals. In order to examine the repeatability of the measurements the VARCOMP procedure and the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) were used. Maximum and minimum of liver depth were in 10th and 12th ICSs, respectively. Depth of liver in 11th, 10th, and 9th ICSs, depth of main portal vein in 12th ICSs and CdCr size of liver in sagittal scan in LLR had strong repeatability (higher than 90%). Liver depth in 12th and 8th ICSs, CdCr size of liver in sagittal and transvers scans in LLR and DR, CdCr size of liver in where CVC passes to the diaphragm had suitable repeatability (higher than 85%). In conclusion, based on our finding, measurement of liver size of cat, from ICSs and from caudal to the sternum is a reliable method in ultrasonography. Liver depth in 9th, 10th, and 11th ICSs and CdCr size of liver from caudal to the sternum are the most efficacious indices for liver measurements.

Persian squirrel (Sciurus anomalus) that is kept as a pet in Iran is a valuable native species in this country. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases and protection, were requested, frequently for squirrel, so that was needed to use diagnostic imaging. It seems that, there is no research about computed tomography (CT) in squirrel. The aim of this study, were to obtain normal transverse, sagittal and dorsal CT images and evaluation of CT protocol for head of Persian squirrel. The study was conducted on four clinically healthy squirrels, based on clinical examination and radiography. Each squirrel was anaesthetized and was scanned. CT sections were obtained from head of each animal, using 64 multislice CT unit of Siemens, Somatron. Contiguous transverse (T), dorsal (D) and sagittal (S), CT images were reconstructed and saved. Thickness of images in all sections was approximately, 2 mm. CT images were studied carefully, using eFilm software for veterinary and Syngo for medicine. Window width and level selected properly for each anatomic area, different structures were recognized and labeled. Numbers of images in DCT were greatly less than TCT and SCT images. The fallowing structures could be diagnosed: brain, neurocranium and viscerocranium and all of head bones, head cavities for example nasal and oral cavities and sinuses, Recognizable structures in ear and eye and specific facial muscles. There was no adverse reaction during CT section. To the best of our knowledge, it seems that no study was performed to compare head CT sections in squirrel. CT anatomy of the head can be used as a reference images.

 aim of this study was to determine the effect of positioning on ultrasonographic renal measurements and evaluation of correlation of renal dimension to length of lumbar (L) vertebra and abdominal aortic diameter (AO) in ultrasonography. The study was conducted on 20 native, adult healthy dogs. Renal length (L), width (W), height (H) and volume were measured in right lateral recumbency (RLR) and dorsal recumbency (DR) for left kidney (LK) and in left larteral recumbency (LLR) and (DR) for right kindeny (RK) by ultrasonsography. AO, and Length of the L5 and L6 in ultrasongraphy and L2, L3 and L4 in radiography were also measured. Ratios between dimensions of kidneys and lumbar vertebrae were also calculated. Based on paired sample t test, length and width of both kindneys in RLR and LLR were significantly larger than DR, while height of right kidney in LLR was significantly smaller than DR (P<0.001). There was no a significant difference between heights of left kindney in both positioning (p>0.0). There was a direct significant correlation between renal dimension with AO and vertebral length. Kidney length has the best pearson correlation coefficient. There wsa no a significant difference between renal dimensions to vertebral length (p>0.05). Men ratio of left and right kidney length to L2 were 2.2 and 3.3, to L5 were 2.0 and 2.1 and to AO were 7.3 and 7.3, respectively. In conclusion, Based on our findings, positioning affect ultrasonographic renal measurements and in follw-up examingations, renal measurements should only be compared to that have been obtained in the same animal position.

 Persian (Caucasian) squirrel (Sciurus anomalus) is kept as a pet in Iran. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases were requested, frequently for squirrel, so that need to use diagnostic imaging. It seems that there is no research about computed tomography (CT) in squirrel. The aims of this study were to obtain normal transverse and dorsal CT images and evaluation of CT protocol for thoracic and abdominal cavities of Persian squirrel. The study was conducted on six clinically healthy squirrels, based on clinical examination and radiography. Each squirrel was anaesthetized and proper contrast media administrated orally before CT scanning for enhancement of gastrointestinal tract. Intera venous and osseous injection of contrast media were not successful. CT sections were obtained from trunk of each animal, using 64 multislice CT unit of Siemens, Somatron. Contiguous transverse (T), dorsal (D) and sagittal CT images were reconstructed and saved. Width of images in TCT was 2 mm and in DCT was 1 mm. CT images were studied carefully, using eFilm software for veterinary. Window width and level selected properly for each anatomic area, different viscera were recognized and labeled. Numbers of images in DCT were greatly less than TCT images. In TCT and DCT images the fallowing viscera could be diagnosed: trachea, lung, heart, liver, spleen, esophagus, stomach, intestine, kidney and urinary balder. There was no adverse reaction during CT section. To the best of our knowledge, it seems that no study was performed to compare different CT section in squirrel. CT anatomy of the thorax and abdomen can be use as a reference images.

 Traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP) is a sporadic disease of ruminants that is caused by perforation of the reticulum by ingested foreign bodies. radiography of the thorax and reticulum are indicated as a diagnostic method in doubtful cases. The main aim of this study was comparison, of four radiographic views for diagnosis of traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP) in cattles. In 5 healthy and 15 clinically suspected cattel to TRP, radiography were done in four RL, LR, dorso-lateral right to ventro lateral left (DRLO) and dorso-lateral left to ventro-lateral right (DLRO), 50˚ oblique views. In 5 healthy cattles, radiologic signs were normal. In 15 suspected cattle to TRP, in 40% of RL views and in 6.7% of LR views radiopaque foreign bodies were seen more clearly compared to each other (p<0.05). Based on our finding, it seems, RL and DRLO views are proper for diagnosis of TRP, LR and DLRO view are taken, if need.

<p style="text-align: left;">&nbsp;Ultrasonography is a non invasive imaging method which provides high resolution images for thyroid gland. It has a prominent role in evaluating morphologic changes of the thyroid gland in small animal and humans. To the based on our knowledge there is no study, in the Iran, about ultrasonography of thyroid gland in cat in the literature. The aim of this study is normal ultrasonographic findings of thyroid gland in cat in hot (July) and cold (February) seasons. The study was conducted on 30 native, adult healthy cats (mean weight 3.5). T3 and T4 hormones were measured before ultrasonography in all of cats. Thyroid area on the neck was shaved and washed. ultrasonography was done on both sides of midline of neck from cranial to caudal and left to right for finding each lobe of thyroid. Length, width and height of each lobe measured. Volume of each lobe was calculated using the ellipsoid equation. Thyroid could be scanned from caudal of the larynx in both side of trachea. In sagittal plane it had a fusiform shape and in transverse plane it appeared as an oval or roughly triangular structure. The parenchyma was homogenously echogenic, thyroid lobs were well marginated and parathyroid glands were not seen. The echogenecity of the gland is more than the neck muscles and no difference seen in seasons. Dimensions of the each lob were slightly larger in cold season. The differences in width and volume were significant (p&lt;0.05) but differences in length and height were not significant between hot and cold seasons(p&gt;0.05). The mean of the length, width, height and volume of both lobes were in normal range to cat with the same weight. The total means (of both lobes in two seasons) length, width, height (mm) and volume (cm3) of both lobes were17.2, 2.6, 2.7, 0.07 respectively. Also differences in consentration of T3 and T4 hormons were significant between hot and cold seasons (p&lt;0.05).</p>

There is no specific and routine indicator in ultrasonography for diagnosis of dog liver size alteration. The aim of this study is to introduce a novel standard for dog liver ultrasonographic measurements. 10 healthy Mongrel dogs with the same body condition and age were chosen. Left to right lateral radiographic images were taken from thoracic and abdominal cavities. Caudal to sternum, liver ultrasonography was performed using transverse and sagittal scans and also liver was scanned from 7th to 11th intercostal spaces. Indicators such as livers depth, dorsoventral distance, depth of caudal vena cava and depth of portal vein and the minimum distance between these veins were assessed. Finally 5 out of 10 dogs were euthanized and necropsy was performed on them. Weight, volume and real measurements of liver were recorded and the correlation between these measurements and the ultrasonographic measurements was evaluated. Moreover the correlation between measured ultrasonographic indicators and body weight and dimensions was assessed. Assuming careful technique, some of the measurements proved to be highly reproducible. In intercostal spaces scans, reproducibility of the following indicators was over 90 percent: liver depth in 10th intercostal space, caudal vena cava and portal vein depth in 11th intercostal space and the distance between dorsal border of live in 7th intercostal space and spinous processes of vertebra (measured by ultrasound and meter). There is a positive significant correlation between body weight and liver depth in 9th, 10th and 11th intercostal spaces. In necropsy, the average ratio of dog liver weight to its body weight was 3.22 percent. Based on our results, the 10th and 11th intercostal spaces are the best acoustic window for hepatic measurement by ultrasonography.